Who Is the Holy Spirit?

The Trinity

Who is the Holy Spirit? He (I say “he” because God is described as our Father in Scripture) is a person of the triune God of the Bible. The Holman Bible Dictionary defines “trinity” as a “theological term used to define God as an undivided unity expressed in the threefold nature of God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. As a distinctive Christian doctrine, the Trinity is considered as a divine mystery beyond human comprehension to be reflected upon only through scriptural revelation.. . .

While the term ‘trinity’ does not appear in Scripture, the trinitarian structure appears throughout the New Testament to affirm that God Himself is manifested through Jesus Christ by means of the Spirit. A proper biblical view of the Trinity balances the concepts of unity and distinctiveness.. . . New Testament writers present the doctrine in such a manner that it does not violate the Old Testament concept of the oneness of God. In fact, they unanimously affirm the Hebrew monotheistic faith, but they extend it to include the coming of Jesus and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit.

The early Christian church experienced the God of Abraham in a new and dramatic way without abandoning the oneness of God that permeates the Old Testament. As a fresh expression of God, the concept of the Trinity – rooted in the God of the past and consistent with the God of the past – absorbs the idea of the God of the past, but goes beyond the God of the past in a more personal encounter.”²

Wilson T. Hogue (1852–1920), an American Methodist minister, speaks about the role of the Holy Spirit and the triune God. In his book, The Holy Spirit A Study he writes, “The importance of giving careful attention to the nature and work of the Holy Spirit as presented in the Christian Scriptures can scarcely be over-estimated. The manifestation of the Spirit is the completion of that theological revelation which has been vouchsafed [given with graciousness] to mankind for their salvation.

It is last in the order of time, but by no means last or least in importance. In this case that which is last in the successive revelations becomes foremost in importance. The succession indicated by the words Father, Son, and Holy Ghost is by no means an arbitrary one. Nor is it merely nominal or accidental. The terms are indicative of ‘a philosophical progress and culmination.’ They are not used like algebraic symbols, which would be equally appropriate if they were inverted, or if other terms were substituted for them.”³

Hogue continues, “It was fitting, in view of His exalted nature as Son of God, that as soon as His identity was established and His bodily mission among men was fulfilled, He should ‘vanish out of their sight.’ He came to reveal God, who is a Spirit, and to teach men to ‘worship Him in Spirit and in truth and when He had revealed the Father and taught the necessity of spiritual worship, His earthly mission was accomplished’ . . . 

The presence of the corporeal, visible Christ was withdrawn, that the invisible, abiding Presence might be vouchsafed to men. Then, according to Christian teaching, was to come manifestation without visibility; instead of bodily presence, there was to be a new experience of life, spirituality, insight, sensibility, and sympathy almost infallible in holy instinct. In one word, the Holy Man was to be followed by the Holy Ghost.”⁴

Three in One, Yet Each Distinct

Most people who are familiar with the Bible are at least acquainted with God the Father and God the Son, who is Jesus Christ. I believe God the Holy Spirit is the least known and most misunderstood person of the triune God. After Jesus’s resurrection from the grave and shortly before ascending into heaven, he gave his disciples what has become known as the Great Commission.

Scripture tells us, “Then Jesus came to them [his eleven disciples] and said, “All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age” (Matthew 28:18–20).

Jesus emphasizes several things in this passage. First and foremost, from the eternal perspective of humans, he shows the participation of the entire trinity, its oneness as a whole in working toward the salvation of man. Those who accept Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior are to be baptized in the name of all three. Second, Jesus emphasizes the distinctness of each by introducing them in turn by name.

There is Only One True God

Both the Old and New Testaments clearly proclaim there is only one true God. This was a fundamental teaching mentioned throughout the Old Testament. Scripture tells us:

• At God’s direction, Moses proclaimed to the Israelites, “Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one. Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength” (Deuteronomy 6:4-5).
• Thousands of years later, Jesus would repeat Moses’ words almost verbatim, adding one small phrase; “and with all your mind.”
• “One of the teachers of the law came and heard them debating. Noticing that Jesus had given them a good answer, he asked him, “Of all the commandments, which is the most important?” “The most important one,” answered Jesus, “is this: ‘Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one. Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind and with all your strength” (Mark 12:28–30).
• Furthermore, In the Old Testament of the New International Version®, NIV® Bible, the phrase “Holy One,” appears more than forty times referring to God.  

These three; the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, each stand in some clear sense with a distinct personality compared to the others. Yet, the three are one; inseparable.

God the Holy Spirit is God’s Power

The Bible tells us power belongs to God (Job 12:13) (Daniel 2:20). It also says his power is eternal (Romans 1:20) and unassailable (Job 23:13) (Psalm 76:7) (Isaiah 14:27) (Jeremiah 49:19). Scripture summarizes these attributes by calling him God Almighty; a succinct description for God who has all unassailable power over everyone and everything. “When Abram was ninety-nine years old, the Lord appeared to him and said, ‘I am God Almighty’ . . .” (Genesis 17:1). Almighty God is an attribute mentioned in the Old Testament of the New International Version®, NIV® Bible, more than thirty times. Scripture also gives many instances of things God accomplished “by his power” (Psalm 74:13).

By what means is God’s power demonstrated? Through the Holy Spirit according to Paul who wrote:

• “My message and my preaching were not with wise and persuasive words, but with a demonstration of the Spirit’s power, so that your faith might not rest on human wisdom, but on God’s power” (1 Corinthians 2:4-5).
• I will not venture to speak of anything except what Christ has accomplished through me in leading the Gentiles to obey God . . . by the power of signs and wonders, through the power of the Spirit of God . . . (Romans 15:18–19).

God’s power is placed into action through the Holy Spirit. There are many passages in Scripture that speak of God working by or through “the power of the Spirit” (Numbers 11:17, 25). There are also numerous passages talking about, “the Spirit of the Lord came powerfully upon;” (Judges 14:6) (1 Samuel 10:6) speaking of God empowering humans. As Paul wrote to the believers in  Ephesus, “I pray that the eyes of your heart may be enlightened in order that you may know . . . his [God’s] incomparably great power for us who believe. That power is the same as the mighty strength he exerted when he raised Christ from the dead and seated him at his right hand in the heavenly realms (Ephesians 1:18–20). How often do I consider practical as well as eternal implications of those three verses? Not nearly enough.

The Participation of God the Holy Spirit in Creation

The first two verses in the Bible say, “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters (Genesis 1:1–2).

At the very beginning of the Bible we see the introduction of God the Father, God the Holy Spirit, and the creation. The Spirit was poised and ready to participate in the creation. Scripture tells us:

• Ah, Sovereign Lord, you have made the heavens and the earth by your great power and outstretched arm. Nothing is too hard for you (Jeremiah 32:17).
• But God made the earth by his power; he founded the world by his wisdom and stretched out the heavens by his understanding (Jeremiah 10:12) (Jeremiah 27:5).
• . . . Who formed the mountains by your [God’s] power, having armed yourself with strength (Psalm 65:6).
• The Spirit of God has made me; the breath of the Almighty gives me life (Job 33:4).
• When you [God] send your Spirit, they [all creatures] are created, and you renew the face of the ground (Ps 104:30).

The Participation of God the Holy Spirit in the Earthly Life of Jesus Christ

The power of the Holy Spirit:

• Resulted in the miraculous pregnancy of the virgin Mary who would bear a son, Jesus of Nazareth. In response to Mary’s question regarding how this could be; “The angel answered, ‘The Holy Spirit will come on you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God’” (Luke 1:35).
• Anointed Jesus Christ at the inauguration of his public ministry. “As soon as Jesus was baptized, he went up out of the water. At that moment heaven was opened, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and alighting on him” (Matthew 3:16).
• Enabled Jesus Christ during his public ministry on earth. The Bible says, “. . . how God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit and power, and how he went around doing good and healing all who were under the power of the devil, because God was with him” (Acts 10:38). One of Isaiah’s prophecies regarding the Christ was; “This was to fulfill what was spoken through the prophet Isaiah: ‘Here is my servant whom I have chosen, the one I love, in whom I delight; I will put my Spirit on him, and he will proclaim justice to the nations’” (Matthew 12:17–18).

The Participation of God the Holy Spirit in the Redemption of Sinful Mankind

When God created Adam and Eve and placed them in the garden of Eden, he told them one thing they were not allowed to do. They willingly chose to disobey God. As a result, they were expelled from the garden. Most importantly, through their disobedience, sin and death entered the world (Romans 5:12) and mankind was separated from God (Isaiah 59:2).

However, this was no surprise to God. He knew every thought, word, and deed of every human before the beginning of time. In fact, the Bible tells us God put his plan of salvation in place before the creation of the world (1 Peter 1:18–20); before any human was created and had an opportunity to sin.

George B. Thompson (1862-1930), a minister from Indiana, speaks of mankind’s struggle with sin. In his book, The Ministry of the Spirit, he writes, “Man by nature is ‘without strength,’ Satan’s captive, a slave to sin. He is able to conquer the sea . . . he navigates the boundless expanse in safety. He turns his attention to the heavens, and searches out the mysteries of the stars, and traces their orbits with precision.. . . He studies the rocks, and gains from them their names and laws.

By intellectual force, and marvelous inventions, he subdues the face of the world, and compels the forces of nature to be his servants. He makes laws by which nations are able to govern millions of subjects. He institutes war, which destroys empires, blots out dynasties, and changes the map of the world. In short, he executes all that is included in history, and the marvelous achievements about us, showing his tremendous energy in almost everything that stirs the silence, and changes the conditions of the world. But, though able to subdue kingdoms and conquer the forces of nature, he cannot conquer himself ; he cannot of himself restrain his own passions and impulses. He stands humbled and vanquished by sin, its slave and lawful captive.”⁶

So God, because of his love for us and for his name’s sake, designed a plan through which mankind could be brought back into right relationship with him. This plan involved the triune God as a whole to implement.

• God the Father provided the plan. “This man [Jesus] was handed over to you by God’s deliberate plan and foreknowledge; and you, with the help of wicked men, put him to death by nailing him to the cross” (Acts 2:23).

• God the Son, Jesus Christ, provided the pathway. “In him [Jesus] we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins, in accordance with the riches of God’s grace” (Ephesians 1:7).

• God the Holy Spirit provided the power. “He [God] saved us, not because of righteous things we had done, but because of his mercy. He saved us through the washing of rebirth and renewal by the Holy Spirit, whom he poured out on us generously through Jesus Christ our Savior” (Titus 3:5–6).

The Participation of God the Holy Spirit in the Lives of Unsaved Souls

One person cannot make another person believe anything. God gave every person free will to choose to believe in Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior or not. It is God the Holy Spirit who reveals the sin of unbelievers to them. Jesus told his followers, “And when he [the Holy Spirit] comes, he will convict the world concerning sin and righteousness and judgment: concerning sin, because they do not believe in me” (John 16:8-9 ESV). As always, what each person does regarding this realization is up to them.

The Participation of God the Holy Spirit in the Lives of Redeemed Humans on Earth

For three years or so, Jesus Christ taught his followers how they should live and explained to them the message of the kingdom of heaven they were to present to the world. While the spread of the gospel message was being left in the hands of humans, they would be empowered by the Holy Spirit to accomplish their mission. Immediately before his ascension into heaven, Jesus told his followers, “But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes on you; and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth” (Acts 1:8).

The Holy Spirit, promised by Jesus, arrived on the day of Pentecost (Acts 2:1-4). For those who believed in Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior, the Holy Spirit would impact their lives, in every conceivable way to the extent they would allow, for the benefit of the kingdom of heaven. Scripture tells us, “For we are God’s handiwork, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do” (Ephesians 2:10). However, it is not always easy to determine exactly what God’s will is for lives day to day. Sometimes we need supernatural help. The Bible says, “For it is we [believers] who are the circumcision, we who serve God by his Spirit . . . (Philippians 3:3). So, let’s look at some of the internal changes brought about by God the Holy Spirit as he works through believers.

God the Holy Spirit Lives in Believers

• Because you are his sons, God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, the Spirit who calls out, “Abba, Father (Galatians 4:6).
• Don’t you know that you yourselves are God’s temple and that God’s Spirit dwells in your midst? (1 Corinthians 3:16).
• Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own (1 Corinthians 6:19).

God the Holy Spirit Gives Life

• The Spirit gives life; the flesh counts for nothing. The words I have spoken to you – they are full of the Spirit and life (John 6:63).
• But if Christ is in you, then even though your body is subject to death because of sin, the Spirit gives life because of righteousness (Romans 8:10).
• He has made us competent as ministers of a new covenant – not of the letter but of the Spirit; for the letter kills, but the Spirit gives life (2 Corinthians 3:6).

The Indwelling Holy Spirit Guarantees our Eternal Destination

Jesus, who was explaining the concept of being born again to Nicodemus the Pharisee said, “Very truly I tell you, no one can enter the kingdom of God unless they are born of water and the Spirit. Flesh gives birth to flesh, but the Spirit gives birth to spirit” (John 3:5–6). Nicodemus didn’t understand because he was thinking about an earthly re-birth while Jesus was talking about being reborn into a spiritual life; an eternal life with Christ. Those who have the indwelling Holy Spirit have eternal life with God.

• And you also were included in Christ when you heard the message of truth, the gospel of your salvation. When you believed, you were marked in him with a seal, the promised Holy Spirit, who is a deposit guaranteeing our inheritance until the redemption of those who are God’s possession – to the praise of his glory (Ephesians 1:13–14).
• Now it is God who makes both us and you stand firm in Christ. He anointed us, set his seal of ownership on us, and put his Spirit in our hearts as a deposit, guaranteeing what is to come (2 Corinthians 1:21–22).

God the Holy Spirit Changes Hearts

Free will is a wonderful gift; yet it can have eternally deadly consequences. When God created mankind, he could have compelled us to love him. But he didn’t because matters of the heart are important to him. God gave us minds, logic, and emotions; desiring that we would willingly choose to love him for who and what he is. However, to be changed from our sinful, human nature into a follower of Jesus Christ requires radical, open-heart surgery.

In his book, The Ministry of the Spirit, George B. Thompson speaks of this miraculous transformation writing, “The heavenly bodies follow with the utmost precision their appointed orbit. They have no power to do otherwise. But man has the power to overstep the moral boundary of his being, and deviate from that which is right. He has within him a power, the law of sin and death, which is continually urging him to do so. But there is help for him.

There is One who is mighty to save, who, through the power of the Spirit, is able to cope with sin, change the carnal heart, transform the life, and make those who have been the slaves of sin more than conquerors. The believer in Christ has been quickened, resurrected from the dead, and knows the exceeding greatness of his power, and understands from experience what it is to conquer temptation, and live the victorious life of faith, triumphing through the Spirit over the powers of darkness.”⁸

Scripture has much to say about the change of heart required for those who love Jesus. A few of these passages include:

• No, a person is a Jew who is one inwardly; and circumcision is circumcision of the heart, by the Spirit, not by the written code. Such a person’s praise is not from other people, but from God (Romans 2:29).
• And hope does not put us to shame, because God’s love has been poured out into our hearts through the Holy Spirit, who has been given to us (Romans 5:5).
• You show that you are a letter from Christ, the result of our ministry, written not with ink but with the Spirit of the living God, not on tablets of stone but on tablets of human hearts (2 Corinthians 3:3).

These miraculous internal changes, our salvation, purpose, and empowerment; should produce within us a peace and joy we have never known before. Maybe that is one reason Paul wrote to the believers in Rome, “May the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace as you trust in him, so that you may overflow with hope by the power of the Holy Spirit” (Romans 15:13). Yet, believers are still humans, fraught with weaknesses while trying to carry out a divine mission in a sin-filled gutter we call life. Let’s look at some of the ways God the Holy Spirit helps us in our ministry for the kingdom of heaven as we walk this earth.

God the Holy Spirit Teaches Us

The Holy Spirit teaches us everything we need to know and what we are to say at the appropriate time.

• Jesus said, “But the Advocate, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, will teach you all things and will remind you of everything I have said to you” (John 14:26).
• Jesus said, “But when they arrest you, do not worry about what to say or how to say it. At that time you will be given what to say, for it will not be you speaking, but the Spirit of your Father speaking through you” (Matthew 10:19–20).
• This is what we speak, not in words taught us by human wisdom but in words taught by the Spirit, explaining spiritual realities with Spirit-taught words (1 Corinthians 2:13).

God the Holy Spirit Leads and Guides Us

It was the Holy Spirit who led:

• Simeon to the temple to see the baby Jesus (Luke 2:26–28);
• Jesus into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil (Matthew 4:1); and
• Peter to the house of Cornelius for evangelistic work (Acts 10:19); to give a very few examples.

He does the same with all believers to this very day; because he knows every good work God would have each of us accomplish. He will lead us where we need to be, when we need to be there, if we will follow him. I like the way George B. Thompson captures the willingness of a human who is thankful to be led by the Holy Spirit. In his book, The Ministry of the Spirit, he records a poem, “The Christian Guide.”

God the Holy Spirit Gives us Spiritual Gifts to Help in our Ministry

You are not who you are by chance. You are an important, premeditated part of God’s grand, intricate design. Before the earth was formed, he put much thought into who, when, and where you would be. Every human is his unique creation. Before we were born, he authored our skills, personalities, interests, and emotions. Before we were conceived, he had already assigned us to a particular place and time in history for very specific reasons. After we chose to accept Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior, it was the Holy Spirit who placed within us those spiritual gifts (1 Corinthians 12:11) that are perfectly suited to our character and necessary to maximize our effectiveness as we serve the kingdom of heaven.

We find spiritual gifts listed in at least two passages of Scripture. They include:

• A message of wisdom, message of knowledge, faith, healing, miraculous powers, prophecy, distinguishing between spirits, speaking in different kinds of tongues, and interpretation of tongues (1 Corinthians 12:8-10);
• Serving, teaching, encouragement; giving, leading, and showing mercy (Romans 12:7-8).

I don’t believe these two passages are an all-inclusive inventory of the spiritual gifts bestowed by the Holy Spirit, but serve as examples. When we match our skills and personalities with the spiritual gifts we have received; diligently search for ministerial opportunities that require those particular skills and gifts; and seek the guidance of the Holy Spirit; he will lead us to the mission field where God would have us serve. When God gets us to that place where we are squarely within his will, he will confirm it in a way we will know for sure.

God the Holy Spirit Shares His Fruit with us

The Holy Spirit is a living person; having thoughts, a will, emotions, and attributes. Some of his characteristics or attributes are described in the Bible as fruit of the Spirit which includes “love, joy, peace, forbearance [patience], kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self-control” (Galatians 5:22–23). When the Holy Spirit takes up residence within us, he wants to exhibit his fruit through us. Scripture says we will be recognized by our fruit (Matthew 7:20). The question is, will we exhibit the flawed fruit of our sinful humanity or submit to the leading of the Spirit and allow his fruit to shine through our lives?

Robert N. McKaig, a nineteenth century minister from Indiana, writes in his book The Life and Times of the Holy Spirit, “When the Spirit comes to us and is enthroned in our hearts as Jesus is enthroned in heaven, then the things of the enthroned Jesus are imparted to us. He takes the peace that Jesus has and the purity that Jesus has, His love, His humility, His righteousness, His wisdom, His sanctification and His redemption and imparts them to us.”¹⁰

McKaig continues, “These are the nine clusters of the fruit of the Spirit. What beautiful clusters they are that the Spirit intends to bring forth in every one of our lives!

• Perfect love to God and man!
• Joy inexpressible and full of glory!
• Peace that passes all understanding!
• Long suffering with joyfulness!
• Gentleness without softness!
• Goodness without insipidity [dullness]!
• Faithfulness without stubbornness!
• Meekness without murmurings!
• Self-control in abstaining from every form of evil, never lifted up with increase, or cast down with loss.
• What beautiful clusters! Let us endeavor to bear them all by receiving and abiding in the Holy Spirit.”¹¹

God the Holy Spirit is Our Intercessor

God loves intercessors, those who plead the case of others before him.

• Abraham interceded with the Lord on behalf of any righteous people in Sodom (Genesis 18:22–24).
• Moses interceded with the Lord on behalf of the Israelites (Numbers 11:1-3).
• Jesus interceded with God on behalf of all mankind (Hebrews 7:25).
• Today, the Holy Spirit intercedes for those who believe in Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior.
• The Bible tells us, “In the same way, the Spirit helps us in our weakness. We do not know what we ought to pray for, but the Spirit himself intercedes for us through wordless groans. And he who searches our hearts knows the mind of the Spirit, because the Spirit intercedes for God’s people in accordance with the will of God (Romans 8:26–27).

The Gift of God the Holy Spirit

Scripture says, “Peter replied, ‘Repent and be baptized, every one of you, in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins. And you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit’” (Acts 2:38). God’s gift of the Holy Spirit to believers is so valuable it cannot be calculated. His power is go great it is indescribable. His role touches every part of the lives of believers. 

Robert N. McKaig, in his book The Life and Times of the Holy Spirit, describes the Holy Spirit as a very special kind of gift. “The Comforter is the ascension, the coronation gift of the Father and the Son to believers. When kings were crowned they gave their friends something to remember their coronation day.. . . So this is the crowning work of the Son of God on earth. It is the evidence that the Son of God has been glorified. It is the token that His sufferings and His work have been accepted, that the Eternal God has been pleased with the work that Jesus did on earth in redeeming man.”¹³

George B. Thompson, in his book The Ministry of the Spirit, describes the Holy Spirit as a unique, distinguishing mark. ”The indwelling presence of the Spirit “is the shepherd’s mark upon the flock of the Lord Jesus, distinguishing them from the rest of the world. It is the goldsmith’s stamp on the genuine sons of God, separating them from the dross and mass of false professors. It is the king’s own seal on those who are his peculiar people, proving them to be his own property. It is the pledge which the Redeemer gives to his believing disciples, while they are in the body, of the full redemption yet to come in the resurrection when the dead in Christ shall live again.”¹⁴

Notes

¹ Moody Bible Institute, “The Person and Work of the Holy Spirit,” https://www.moodybible.org/beliefs/positional-statements/holy-spirit/, last viewed February 28, 2022.

² Trent C. Butler, Ph.D., General Editor, Holman Bible Dictionary, “Trinity” (Nashville, Tennessee: Holman Bible Publishers, 1991), 1372.

³ Wilson T. Hogue, Ph. D., The Holy Spirit A Study, (Chicago: William B. Rose, Agent, 1916), Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/16016739/. 3.

⁴ Ibid., 5.

⁵ Chelsea Kight, “How to Know and Understand the Holy Spirit,” https://www.cru.org/us/en/train-and-grow/spiritual-growth/holy-spirit.html; last viewed February 28, 2022.

⁶ George B. Thompson, Them Ministry of the Spirit, (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Assn, 1914), Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/14013567/. 7-8.

⁷ Brittany Rust, “What is the Holy Spirit & 10 Supernatural Ways He Empowers You,” April 2, 2018, https://www.crosswalk.com/faith/spiritual-life/10-supernatural-ways-the-holy-spirit-wants-to-empower-you.html

⁸ George B. Thompson, The Ministry of the Spirit, (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Assn, 1914), Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/14013567/. 8.

⁹ Ibid., 10.

¹⁰ Robert N. McKaig, D. D., The Life and Times of the Holy Spirit, (Chicago and Boston: The Christian Witness Co., 1908), Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/08008845/. 86-87.

¹¹ Ibid., 189.

¹² Alistair Begg, “5 Truths about the Holy Spirit,” January 29, 2021, https://www.ligonier.org/learn/articles/five-truths-about-holy-spirit

¹³ Robert N. McKaig, D. D., The Life and Times of the Holy Spirit, (Chicago and Boston: The Christian Witness Co., 1908), Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/08008845/. 42.

¹⁴ George B. Thompson, The Ministry of the Spirit, (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Assn, 1914), Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/14013567/. 11.

Unless otherwise noted, all Scripture quotations are taken from The Holy Bible, New International Version® NIV®.  Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.™  Used by permission.  All rights reserved worldwide.

Scripture quotations taken from the ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), copyright © 2001 by Crossway Bibles, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers, are used by permission. All rights reserved. The “ESV” and “English Standard Version” are registered trademarks of Good News Publishers.